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Professor Gavin Parker

Professor of Planning Studies

Gavin Parker 75e5pfioc

Specialisms

  • Expertise in planning, 
  • Neighbourhood planning; Community engagement and planning, 
  • Countryside planning, 
  • Local decision making, 
  • Land and property rights; Land use conflict

Location

HBS 127, Whiteknights Campus

Gavin is Chair of Planning Studies. A chartered planner Professor Parker maintains a strong research interest in citizenship, participation and governance in land, planning and development. In 2020 he was elected as Chair of the New Forest National Park Authority.

Gavin is interested in the relationship between land and people and considerations of property rights and conflict over land use. This interest spans the urban and rural divide and a number of policy fields. He has maintained a thread of research that is concerned with interactions and tensions between actors involved in planning and development throughout his research career. This has been manifest in the body of work he has produced on participation in planning and on neighbourhood planning in England.

Gavin has been actively researching community and neighbourhood planning with numerous reports and publications that have been shaping policy agendas in this area. He has also been exploring the changing nature of planning and the profession, including the shifting roles of the public, private and third sector. He has a keen interest in the application of theory to practice and seeks to demonstrate the value of theory in his research and teaching.

Gavin was one of the three executive directors of the Royal Town Planning Institute between 2012-2014. His responsibilities included: education, membership, regions, professional standards and Planning Aid England. His work with Planning Aid continued and extended his interest and expertise in neighbourhood planning, public participation and community engagement in planning. Gavin is currently Chairman of the New Forest National Park Authority. He is also the vice-chair of the RTPI London Southbank University Partnership board and external examiner at Cardiff University and chaired the Community Council for Berkshire from 2006 to 2011. Internationally Gavin has developed a particular interest in land use, community and planning policy in Japan and he has been a visiting professor at the University of Tokyo and held JSPS funded visiting fellow posts there as well as at Tsukuba and Seikei Universities.

Amongst numerous academic and policy oriented publications Gavin has authored five books: ‘Citizenships, Contingency and the Countryside’ (Routledge, 2002); ‘Key Concepts in Planning’ (Sage, 2012) with Joe Doak; ‘Enabling Participatory Planning’ (Policy Press, 2018) with Emma Street; and ‘Neighbourhood Planning in Practice’ (Lund Humphries, 2019) with Kat Salter and Matt Wargent - which won the 2019 RTPI Sir Peter Hall research excellence award and is aimed at those involved in Community Planning. His fifth book is ‘Contemporary Planning Practice: skills, specialisms and knowledges’ (Macmillan, 2021) edited with Emma Street.

Gavin is keen to work with potential doctoral researchers wishing to pursue any of the themes expressed above and in particular participation in planning and neighbourhood planning topics.

Qualifications

  • PhD - Land, Citizenship and Property Rights (Bristol)
  • MPhil - Town Planning (London)
  • BSc (Hons) - Land Economy (London)
  • Chartered Fellow of the Royal Town Planning Institute (FRTPI)
  • Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS)
  • Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society (FRGS)
  • Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA)
  • Fellow of the Higher Education Academy

Current and recent PhD students

Joe Doak: Five Hundred Years of Non-Linear History: Exploring Land-Ownership, Property Development and its Social Regulation in Central Reading 1500-2000. First supervisor

Tessa Lynn: The Social Relations of Property: Motives, Means and Outcomes of the Community Right to Bid. First supervisor

Katherine Salter: Assembling localism: the role and response(s) of local planning authorities to neighbourhood planning in England. First supervisor

Reference: Parker, G. (2021) Neighbourhood planning and the basis for reform. The Clerk, 52 (1). pp. 10-12.
Reference: Burchardt, J. , Doak, J. and Parker, G. , (2020) Review of key trends and issues in UK rural land use. Report. University of Reading, Reading.
Reference: Bates, L., Parker, G. , Wargent, M. , Linovski, O., Schoneboom, A., Gunn, S., Slade, D., Odeleye, N.-D., Maidment, C. , Shepherd, E. , Doak, J. , Elliot, T., Nicholls, V. , Street, E. , Dobson, M. , Platts, S. and Tasan-Kok, T. (2020) The future of the planning profession. Planning Theory & Practice, 21 (3). pp. 453-480. ISSN 1464-9357 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2020.1776014
Reference: Dobson, M., Lynn, T. and Parker, G. (2020) Pre-application advice practices in the English planning system. Town and Country Planning, 89 (6-7). ISSN 0040-9960
Reference: Parker, G. , Dobson, M. , Lynn, T. and Salter, K. (2020) Entangling voluntarism, leisure time and political work: the governmentalities of neighbourhood planning in England. Leisure Studies, 39 (5). pp. 644-658. ISSN 1466-4496 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2020.1763440
Reference: Parker, G. and Nanda, A. (2020) Widening access to shared ownership is not enough to solve England’s housing crisis. The Conversation.
Reference: Parker, G. , Wargent, M. and Street, E. (2020) ‘planning by gaslight’– on reforms, skills and political work in planning. Town and Country Planning. ISSN 0040-9960 (In Press)
Reference: Parker, G. , Wargent, M. , Salter, K., Dobson, M. , Lynn, T. and Yuille, A., (2020) Impacts of neighbourhood planning in England. Report. University of Reading, London.
Reference: Wargent, M. , Parker, G. and Street, E. (2019) Public-private entanglements: consultant use by local planning authorities in England. European Planning Studies, 28 (1). pp. 192-210. ISSN 1469-5944 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1677565
Reference: Wargent, M. , Parker, G. and Street, E. (2020) Private expertise and the spatial reorganisation of planning in England. In: Jonas, A., Koch, N., Lizotte, C., Luukkonen, J. and Moisio, S. (eds.) Handbook of the Changing Geographies of the State. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. ISBN 9781788978040
Reference: Parker, G. and Arita, T. (2019) Planning transparency and public involvement in pre-application discussions. Town and Country Planning, 88 (2). pp. 66-70. ISSN 0040-9960
Reference: Parker, G. and Street, E. (2019) ‘Trust me… I’m a planner’. Town and Country Planning, 88 (2). pp. 57-61. ISSN 0040-9960
Reference: Parker, G. , Street, E. and Wargent, M. (2019) Advocates, advisors and scrutineers: the technocracies of private sector planning in England. In: Raco, M. and Savini, F. (eds.) Planning and Knowledge: How New Forms of Technocracy are Shaping Contemporary Cities. Policy Press, Bristol. ISBN 9781447345244
Reference: Parker, G. , Street, E. and Wargent, M. (2018) The rise of the private sector in fragmentary planning in England. Planning Theory and Practice, 19 (5). pp. 734-750. ISSN 1464-9357 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2018.1532529
Reference: Parker, G. , Salter, K. and Wargent, M. (2019) Neighbourhood planning in practice. Lund Humphries, London. ISBN 9781848222830
Reference: Baker, S. and Parker, G. (2018) Permitted development rights liberalisation in rural England: love’s labour’s lost? Town and Country Planning, 87 (3). pp. 117-123. ISSN 0040-9960
Reference: Parker, G. (2017) How should a Reference Level be determined? Lessons from the discussion in England. In: Shobayashi, M. and Sasaki, H. (eds.) Agricultural Policies in Japan: Towards establishing sustainable agriculture and rural communities. Nourin-Toukei-Kyokai, Tokyo, pp. 177-194.
Reference: Parker, G. and Street, E. (2018) Enabling participatory planning: planning aid and advocacy in neoliberal times. Policy Press, Bristol, UK, pp141. ISBN 9781447341390
Reference: Wargent, M. and Parker, G. (2018) Re-imagining neighbourhood governance: the future of neighbourhood planning in England. Town Planning Review, 89 (4). pp. 379-402. ISSN 1478-341X doi: https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2018.23
Reference: Doak, J. and Parker, G. (2018) Planning for sustainability: reflections on a necessary activity. In: Dixon, T. , Connaughton, J. and Green, S. (eds.) Sustainable Futures in the Built Environment to 2050: A Foresight Approach to Construction and Development. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford. ISBN 9781119063810
Reference: Parker, G. and Salter, K. (2017) Taking stock of neighbourhood planning in England 2011-2016. Planning Practice and Research, 32 (4). pp. 478-490. ISSN 1360-0583 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2017.1378983
Reference: Parker, G. , Uzzell, D. L., Leach, R., Ravenscroft, N., Groeger, J. and Wright, A., (2000) User interactions on unsegregated non-motorised shared use routes. Report. The Countryside Agency, Guildford.
Reference: Parker, G. , Salter, K. and Hickman, H., (2017) Examining Neighbourhood Plans in England: the experience so far. Working Papers in Real Estate & Planning. 02/17. Working Paper. University of Reading, Reading. pp21.
Reference: Parker, G. , Salter, K. and Hickman, H. (2016) Caution: examinations in progress - the operation of neighbourhood plan examinations in England. Town and Country Planning, 85 (12). pp. 516-522. ISSN 0040-9960
Reference: Parker, G. and Wargent, M. , (2017) Participant experience of neighbourhood planning in England. Working Papers in Real Estate & Planning. 01/17. Working Paper. University of Reading, Reading. pp20.
Reference: Parker, G. , Lynn, T. and Wargent, M. (2017) Contestation and conservatism in neighbourhood planning in England. Reconciling agonism and collaboration? Planning Theory and Practice, 18 (3). pp. 446-465. ISSN 1464-9357 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2017.1316514
Reference: Parker, G. and Street, E. (2017) Neo-advocacy for Neo-liberal Times: Planning Aid and the Advocacy Project in England. Town Planning Review, 88 (4). pp. 443-463. ISSN 1478-341X doi: https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2017.28
Reference: Parker, G. (2017) The uneven geographies of neighbourhood planning in England. In: Brownill, S. and Bradley, Q. (eds.) Localism and Neighbourhood Planning: power to the people? Policy Press, Bristol. ISBN 9781447329503
Reference: Parker, G. and Salter, K. (2016) Five years of neighbourhood planning – a review of take-up and distribution. Town & Country Planning, 85 (5). pp. 181-188.
Reference: Alexander, D. and Parker, G. (2015) Neighbourhood planning: a work in progress. Town and Country Planning, 84 (10). ISSN 0040-9960
Reference: Parker, G. (2012) Neighbourhood Planning: precursors, lessons and prospects. Journal of Planning & Environment Law, 40. OP139. ISSN 0307-4870
Reference: Parker, G. and Street, E. , (2015) The role of Planning Aid England in supporting communities’ engagement in planning. Working Papers in Real Estate & Planning. 08/15. Working Paper. University of Reading, Reading. pp19.
Reference: Nanda, A. and Parker, G. (2015) Shared ownership and affordable housing: a political solution in search of a planning justification? Planning Practice & Research, 30 (1). pp. 101-113. ISSN 0269-7459 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2015.1008801
Reference: Parker, G. (2015) There goes the neighbourhood. The Planner. (http://www.theplanner.co.uk/features/)
Reference: Parker, G. , (2015) The take-up of Neighbourhood Planning in England 2011-2015. Working Papers in Real Estate & Planning. 06/15. Working Paper. University of Reading, Reading. pp21.
Reference: Parker, G. , Lynn, T. and Wargent, M. (2015) Sticking to the script? The co-production of Neighbourhood Planning in England. Town Planning Review, 86 (5). pp. 519-536. ISSN 1478-341X doi: https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2015.31
Reference: Parker, G. , Street, E. , Raco, M. and Freire-Trigo, S. (2014) In planning we trust? Public interest and private delivery in a co-managed planning system. Town and Country Planning, 83 (12). pp. 537-540. ISSN 0040-9960
Reference: Parker, G. , Lynn, T. and Wargent, M. , (2014) User experience of neighbourhood planning in England. Report. Locality, London.
Reference: Parker, G. (2014) Engaging neighbourhoods: experiences of transactive planning with communities in England. In: Gallent, N. and Ciaffi, D. (eds.) Community action and planning : contexts, drivers and outcomes. Policy Press, Bristol. ISBN 9781447315162
Reference: Parker, G. , (2014) Social innovation in local food in Japan: Choku-bai-jo markets and Teikei cooperative practices. Working Papers in Real Estate & Planning. 08/14. Working Paper. University of Reading, Reading. pp22.
Reference: Parker, G. and Woodend, L. (2014) East side story: Japanese machizukuri, neighbourhood planning, and localism in England. Town and Country Planning, 83 (4). pp. 189-194. ISSN 0040-9960
Reference: Nanda, A. and Parker, G. (2013) Shared ownership: easy wins but hard lessons? Town and Country Planning, 82 (4). pp. 178-182. ISSN 0040-9960
Reference: Beedell, J. and Parker, G. , (2007) Study of the effects of the racehorse industry on the North Wessex downs. North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Council of Partners
Reference: Ravenscroft, N. and Parker, G. (1999) Regulating time, regulating society: control and colonization in the sphere of public leisure provision. Loisir et Societe, 22 (2). pp. 381-401.
Reference: Pratt, A. and Parker, G. (1993) Science, technology, innovation and regional development: or, on opening black boxes and exploring the secret life of new products. In: Cohen, J. (ed.) La Recherche-developpement et le Developpement Regional. CNRS, Paris, pp. 61-74.
Reference: Parker, G. and Street, E. (2015) Planning at the neighbourhood scale: localism, dialogic politics and the modulation of community action. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 33 (4). pp. 794-810. ISSN 1472-3425 doi: https://doi.org/10.1068/c1363
Reference: Parker, G. (1996) ELMs disease? Corporatism, stewardship and citizenship in the English countryside. Journal of Rural Studies, 12 (4). pp. 399-412. ISSN 0743-0167 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(96)00049-6
Reference: Parker, G. and Wragg, A. (1999) Networks, agency and (de)stabilisation: the issue of navigation on the River Wye, UK. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 42 (2). pp. 471-487. ISSN 0964-0568 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640569911019
Reference: Parker, G. (1999) Rights, the environment and Part V of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Area, 31 (1). pp. 75-80. ISSN 1475-4762 doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.1999.tb00173.x
Reference: Parker, G. (1996) Countryside stewardship and the consumer citizen. In: Watkins, C. (ed.) Rights of Way: Policy, Culture and Management. Cassell, London, pp. 69-85. ISBN 9781855673908
Reference: Pratt, A. and Parker, G. (1998) Science, technologie, innovation: ouvrir la boite noir. In: Cohen, J., Hart, D. and Simmie, J. (eds.) Recherche et Developement Regional. Publication de la Sorbonne, Paris, pp. 185-194.
Reference: Parker, G. , Beedell, J. and Teanby, A., (2008) Review of the Rural Excellence II programme. Report. Improvement and Development Agency, London.
Reference: Parker, G. (2001) Citizenships, Contingency and the Countryside: Rights, Culture, Land and the Environment. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415191609
Reference: Parker, G. (1999) The role of the consumer-citizen in environmental protest in the 1990s. Space & Polity, 3 (1). pp. 67-83. ISSN 1470-1235 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13562579908721785
Reference: Parker, G. and Ravenscroft, N. (1999) Benevolence, hegemony and nationalism: fifty years of the 1949 National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act. Leisure Studies, 18 (4). pp. 297-313. ISSN 1466-4496 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/026143699374871
Reference: Parker, G. (1999) Rights, symbolic violence and the micro-politics of the rural: the case of the Parish Paths Partnership scheme. Environment and Planning A, 31 (7). pp. 1207-1222. ISSN 0308-518X doi: https://doi.org/10.1068/a311207
Reference: Herrington, K. and Parker, G. (2012) Speed and quality in planning decisions. Town and Country Planning, 81 (11). pp. 482-488. ISSN 0040-9960
Reference: Ravenscroft, N., Church, A. and Parker, G. (2012) Who’s land is it anyway? Deconstructing the nature of property rights and their regulation. In: Certoma, C., Clewer, N. and Elsey, D. (eds.) The Politics of Space and Place. Cambridge Scholars Press, Newcastle, 235 -257 .
Reference: Moseley, M. J., Parker, G. and Wragg, A. (2004) Multi-service outlets in rural England: the co-location of disparate services. Planning Practice and Research, 19 (4). pp. 375-391. ISSN 1360-0583 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0269745052000343226
Reference: Parker, G. (2001) Planning and rights: some repercussions of the Human Rights Act 1998 for the UK. Planning Practice and Research, 16 (1). pp. 5-8. ISSN 1360-0583 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697450120049524
Reference: Parker, G. and Ravenscroft, N. (2000) Tourism, 'National Parks' and private lands. In: Butler, R. W. and Boyd, S. W. (eds.) Tourism and National Parks: Issues and Implications. John Wiley & Sons , London, pp. 95-106. ISBN 9780471988946
Reference: Parker, G. and Lynn, T. (2012) Localism and growth? Neighbourhood planning and housing. Town and Country Planning, 81 (1). pp. 15-19. ISSN 0040-9960
Reference: Parker, G. and Ravenscroft, N. (2001) Land, rights and the gift: the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 and the negotiation of citizenship. Sociologia Ruralis, 41 (4). pp. 381-398. ISSN 1467-9523 doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00190
Reference: Nanda, A. and Parker, G. , (2011) Analysis of the intermediate housing market mechanism in the UK. Working Papers in Real Estate & Planning. 17/11. Working Paper. University of Reading, Reading. pp26.
Reference: Parker, G. (2010) Michi-no-eki: an opportunity for the rural economy? Town and Country Planning, 79 (7). pp. 346-350. ISSN 0040-9960
Reference: Parker, G. (2011) The agrarians and the arcadians: active citizenship and rural governance in England. In: Curry, N. and Moseley, M. (eds.) Reflections on Rural Change in Britain and Europe. Countryside and Community Press, Cheltenham.
Reference: Parker, G. and Doak, J. (2012) Key concepts in planning. Key Concepts in Human Geography . Sage, pp296. ISBN 9781847870766
Reference: Murayama, M. and Parker, G. (2012) Fast Japan, slow Japan: shifting to slow tourism as a rural regeneration tool in Japan. In: Fullager, S., Markwell, K. and Wilson, E. (eds.) Slow Mobilities: Experiencing Slow Travel and Tourism. Channel View Press, Jersey. ISBN 9781845412807
Reference: Parker, G. and Murray, C. (2012) Beyond tokenism? Community-led planning and rational choices: findings from participants in local agenda-setting at the neighbourhood scale in England. Town Planning Review, 83 (1). pp. 1-28. ISSN 1478-341X doi: https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2012.1
Reference: Parker, G. , (2003) Sustainable homes and livelihoods in the countryside. Report. Chapter 7, Somerset.
Reference: Parker, G. (2003) Review of 'Tourism recreation and sustainability: linking culture and the environment'. Leisure Studies, 22 (3). pp. 277-280. ISSN 1466-4496 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0261436032000120992
Reference: Parker, G. (2002) Joined-up, stretched-out? Observations on rural service provision in England. In: Higgs, G. (ed.) Rural services and social exclusion. Pion Ltd., London, pp. 23-40. ISBN 9780850861747
Reference: Doak, J. and Parker, G. , (2002) ‘Pre-plan mapping’, networks, capital resources and community strategies in England. Working Papers in Land Management & Development. 11/02. Working Paper. University of Reading, Reading. pp30.
Reference: Doak, J. , Parker, G. and Raco, M., (2004) Community strategies in England: reshaping spaces of governance? Working Papers in Real Estate & Planning. 01/04. Working Paper. University of Reading, Reading. pp27.
Reference: Murayama, M. and Parker, G. , (2003) Local environmental action in Japan: the transfer of the groundwork approach. Working Papers in Real Estate & Planning. 15/03. Working Paper. University of Reading, Reading. pp67.
Reference: Crouch, D. and Parker, G. (2003) ‘Digging-up’ Utopia? Space, practice and land use heritage. Geoforum, 34 (3). pp. 395-408. ISSN 0016-7185 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(02)00080-5
Reference: Parker, G. , (2005) Sustainable food? Teikei, co-operatives and food citizenship in Japan and the UK. Working Papers in Real Estate & Planning. 11/05. Working Paper. University of Reading, Reading.
Reference: Parker, G. and Murayama, M. (2005) Doing the groundwork? transferring a UK environmental planning approach to Japan. International Planning Studies, 10 (2). pp. 105-127. ISSN 1469-9265 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13563470500258790
Reference: Parker, G. (2007) The negotiation of leisure citizenship: leisure constraints, moral regulation and the mediation of rural place. Leisure Studies, 26 (1). pp. 1-22. ISSN 1466-4496
Reference: Parker, G. and Takata, A. (2007) Governance and community management of public assets: the experience of Musashino, Japan. Review of Asian and Pacific Studies, 32. ISSN 1948-0105
Reference: Doak, J. and Parker, G. (2005) Networked space? The challenge of meaningful participation and the new spatial planning in England. Planning Practice and Research, 20 (1). pp. 23-40. ISSN 1360-0583 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697450500261699
Reference: Raco, M., Parker, G. and Doak, J. (2006) Reshaping spaces of local governance? Community strategies and the modernisation of local government in England. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 24 (4). pp. 475-496. ISSN 1472-3425 doi: https://doi.org/10.1068/c51m
Reference: Parker, G. and Luck, R. , (2006) Evaluation of parish planning in West Berkshire: report for the West Berkshire Partnership. Report. University of Reading, Reading. pp55.
Reference: Parker, G. (2006) The Country Code and the ordering of countryside citizenship. Journal of Rural Studies, 22 (1). pp. 1-16. ISSN 0743-0167 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.06.003
Reference: Murayama, M. and Parker, G. (2006) Sustainable leisure and tourism space development in post-industrial cities: the case of Odaiba, Tokyo, Japan. In: Smith, M. (ed.) Tourism, culture and regeneration. CABI, Wallingford, pp. 69-84. ISBN 9781845931308
Reference: Amati, M. and Parker, G. (2007) Planned by farmers for farmers? Twentieth century land reform and the impact on twenty first century Japan. In: Miller, C. and Roche, M. (eds.) Past matters: heritage and planning history - case studies from the Pacific rim. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Cambridge. ISBN 9781847181992
Reference: Amati, M. and Parker, G. , (2006) Post War land reform and the impact on planning in Japan. Working Papers in Real Estate & Planning. 11/06. Working Paper. University of Reading, Reading. pp23.
Reference: Parker, G. (2008) Countryside access and the "right to roam" under New Labour: nothing to CRoW about? In: Woods, M. (ed.) New Labour's countryside: rural policy in Britain since 1997. Policy Press, Bristol, pp. 135-148. ISBN 9781861349323
Reference: Parker, G. (2008) Parish and community-led planning, local empowerment and local evidence bases: an examination of 'good practice' in West Berkshire. Town Planning Review, 79 (1). pp. 61-85. ISSN 1478-341X doi: https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.79.1.5
Reference: Parker, G. and Amati, M. (2009) Institutional setting, politics and planning: private property, public interest and land reform in Japan. International Planning Studies, 14 (2). pp. 141-160. ISSN 1469-9265 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13563470903021191
Reference: Brownill, S. and Parker, G. (2010) Why bother with good works? The relevance of public participation(s) in planning in a post-collaborative era. Planning Practice and Research, 25 (3). pp. 275-282. ISSN 1360-0583 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2010.503407 <https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2010.503407 >
Reference: Brownill, S. and Parker, G. (2010) Same as it ever was? Reflections on a practitioner roundtable on participation in England. Planning Practice and Research, 25 (3). pp. 409-415. ISSN 1360-0583 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2010.503433 <https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2010.503433 >
Reference: Parker, G. and Beedell, J. (2010) Land-based economic clusters and their sustainability: the case of the horseracing industry. Local Economy, 25 (3). pp. 220-233. ISSN 1470-9325 doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02690941003784275 <https://doi.org/10.1080/02690941003784275 >

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